![]() Received: JAccepted: FebruPublished: March 1, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Ly, Weary. PLoS ONE 16(3):Įditor: Kirk Warren Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University, UNITED STATES These results indicate that facial expressions can be used to assess human-animal empathy.Ĭitation: Ly LH, Weary DM (2021) Facial expression in humans as a measure of empathy towards farm animals in pain. Both the self-reported and facial measures varied with species and procedure witnessed. Participants who reported more intense negative responses also showed stronger facial expressions (slope ± SE = 0.4 ± 0.04). Participants showed more intense facial expressions while viewing painful procedures versus control procedures (mean ± SE Likert 2.4 ± 0.08 versus 0.6 ± 0.17). Videos of the participants (watching the animals) were scored for intensity of unpleasantness of the participants’ facial expression (also on an 11-point Likert scale) by a trained observer who was blind to treatment. Participants provided their subjective rating of the intensity of 5 negative emotions (pain, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) on an 11-point Likert scale. disbudding, castration, tail docking) and control videos (e.g. Participants ( n = 30) were asked to watch publicly sourced video clips of cows and pigs undergoing common management procedures (e.g. ![]() Here we provide the first evidence that this measure can also be used to assess human empathetic responses towards farm animals, showing that facial expressions respond reliably when participants view videos of farm animals undergoing painful procedures. Viewing other humans in pain elicits facial expressions indicative of empathy. Facial expressions provide a quantifiable measure of emotional response that may be less susceptible to social desirability bias and other issues associated with self-report. "Mistakes" can sometimes lead to interesting results.People often express concern for the welfare of farm animals, but research on this topic has relied upon self-report. All the right cues are present: upturned eyebrows, oblique upper eyelids, lower lip with sharp, straight fold underneath all, according to the student artist, were unintentional. Curved folds of triangularis (F).Ī fine face of sadness, though not the one the model was wearing: this is an "accidental" pout. Chin profile shows action of mental is (E). Lip pushed up in middle (D), LBL pulled down in corner by mentalis- triangularis combination. Deep nasolabial fold (C) mostly due to zygomatic minor. Inner eyebrow end bunched up by corrugator, bent upward by frontalis key folds at (A) and (B). The downcast eyes and active mouth complement the expression on the brow but cannot replace it the brow makes us see them as sad. Cover her brow, and the effect is nowhere near as intense. Though her pout is quite strong, this woman (top) looks so terribly sad because of her brow. The sad faces on this page have unhappy-looking brows and strong pouts. Eventually, even the pout relaxes, leaving the twisted eyebrow as the only sign of the last stage of grief. What lingers is the pout and the grieving brow. As the latter goes slack, the cheeks lose their fullness and the lower lid its tension. First to go is the mouth-stretching risorius/ platysma, then the eye-squeezing orbicularis oculi. When crying fades, the muscles of a sad face gradually relax.
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